The Subcommittee on Aviation has jurisdiction over all aspects of civil aviation, including safety, infrastructure, labor, and international issues. Within this scope of responsibilities, the Subcommittee has jurisdiction over the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a modal administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). This jurisdiction covers all programs within the FAA as well as aviation programs of the USDOT with respect to economic regulation of air carriers and passenger airline service. In addition, the Subcommittee has jurisdiction over commercial space transportation, the National Mediation Board, and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).

Issues within the jurisdiction of the Subcommittee on Aviation include:

Air traffic control modernization
Air traffic management
Certification of aircraft and equipment
UAS traffic management
Counter-UAS authorization, systems, and technology
Airport capacity and infrastructure
Airport Improvement Program grants
Airspace matters
Airline competition and antitrust issues
Aviation safety
Aviation security (issues that affect commerce and safety)
Commercial aviation and air carrier operations (both passenger and cargo)
Commercial space transportation and tourism
Airline consumer protection and service
Environmental requirements
Essential Air Service and other small-community air service programs
General aviation
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and other new aircraft
International aviation
National Mediation Board
National Transportation Safety Board
War risk insurance
Use of navigable airspace